Piazza del Campo "Milan, Rome and Venice"

Italy's exciting Cities tour is not just Milan, Rome or Venice. Pizza country still has many interesting cities to be a tourist destination, one of which is Siena.

Siena is the capital of Siena Province in Tuscany. In 1995, the city was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its rich history. Siena was first inhabited by ethnic Etruscan commonly called the Saina tribe. They occupied the city from 900 to 400 BC (BC). As long as they occupied this city, the Saina tribe built an irrigation canal, resulting in a significant development in this city.

History continues, during the reign of Emperor Augustus, the Romans took over this city and named it Saena Julia. But under the rule of the Romans, the city was not progressing well. Siena is never passed by merchants, and is also isolated from the outside world. But 100 years later, the Lombard Germans invaded Siena, opening the path to this city and bringing prosperity back here. Siena is a place of transit and rest for the fighters who want to go to Rome. Siena continues to grow and become a center for borrowing money and also trading wool. Then in 1179, Siena had its own constitution under the official Italian government. Most of the historic buildings that can be seen in Siena are currently built after their independence. Such as the Duomo Cathedral built in the early 1200's. Then Piazza del Campo is made to accompany the cathedral.

There is also the University of Siena, which until now is famous for its law faculty and also its medical faculty, established since 1240. Between 1200 and 1300, Siena is a strong rival for Florence City in the development of art and historical buildings. There are many more attractions that can be visited in Siena, which is typical of its typical medieval buildings. If you are a lover of history and art, then Siena is the right city to visit. Besides having historic buildings, Siena is also surrounded by beautiful countryside views of the surrounding vineyards. (from various sources)

Tragedy of The City of Pompeii "Prophet Luth"

The Qur'an tells us that there is no change in the law of Allah (sunnatullah):

"And they swear by Allah's name with all their oaths; if a reminder comes to them, they will have more guidance from one of the people (the other). When the Warner comes to them, his coming will not increase them except their distance from (righteousness), because of their pride (on earth) and because of their evil plan. The evil plan will not befall other than the person who planned it himself. It is not they who wait but the (validity) of the sunnah (the God who has been applied) to the former people. Then you will not be substituted for the sunnah of Allah, nor will they ever encounter any deviation to the sunna of Allah "(Surat al-Faathir, 35: 42-43).

That is, "... you will not ever get a replacement for the sunnah of Allah ...". Anyone who defies the law of God and tries to fight Him will suffer the same sunatullah.

Pompeii, which is a symbol of the qlaq degradation experienced by the Roman empire, is the center of adultery and homosexuality. Pompeii's fate is similar to that of the prophet Lut. The destruction of Pompeii occurred through the eruption of Vesuvius volcano.

Mount Vesuvius is a symbol of Italy, especially the city of Naples. The mountain that has been silent since two thousand years ago was also named "The Mountain of Warning" (Mount of Remembrance). Of course this naming is not without cause. Adzab that afflicted the inhabitants of Sodom and Gommorah, the prophets of Lut as, is very similar to the disaster that destroyed the city of Pompeii.

To the right of Mount Vesuvius is located Naples city, while the city of Pompeii is on the east of the mountain. Lava and dust from the enormous eruption of the mountain that occurred two millennia ago burned down the inhabitants of the city. The catastrophe took place in a very sudden time so that it befalls everything in the city including all the daily activities that are underway. The activities the residents and all the relics that existed when the disaster happened are now left exactly as they had been when the disaster occurred two thousand years ago, as if time had not moved from its place. Destruction of Pompeii from the face of the earth by such a terrible disaster is certainly not without purpose.

Historical records show that the city turned out to be the center of immorality and munkar. The city is filled with an increasing number of sites of adultery or prostitution. So much so that the number of brothels is unknown. Male genital organs of their original size are hung on the doors of the brothels. According to this tradition, rooted in Mithraic belief, sexual organs and sexual intercourse should not be taboo and done in secret; but should be openly displayed. Mount Vesuvius lava wiped the whole city off the map of the earth in an instant. The most interesting of these events is that no one is able to escape the ferocity of Vesuvius's eruption. It is almost certain that the inhabitants of the city are unaware of such a catastrophic disaster, their faces beaming. The body of a family that is preoccupied with preserved food at that moment.

Lots of couples whose bodies are preserved in the position of intercourse. Most surprising is that there are a number of couples who have the same sex, in other words they have same sex (homosexual). There are also male and female couples who are still ABG. The results of fossil excavations also found a number of corpses that are preserved with a still intact faces. In general, their facial expressions are shocked, as if the catastrophe comes suddenly in an instant.

In this context, there are aspects of the disaster that are very difficult to understand. How could there be thousands of people suffering death without seeing and hearing anything?

This aspect shows that the destruction of Pompeii is similar to the adzab events narrated in the Qur'an, since the Qur'an specifically implies "sudden annihilation" when recounting such an event. For example, the "people of a country" as mentioned in the letter Yaasiin verse 13 annihilate together as a whole in an instant. This situation is told as follows:

"There is no torture on them but one shout; then all of a sudden they are all dead. "(Surah Yaasiin, 36:29)

In Al-Qamar verse 31, the annihilation in a short time is again called when the destruction of the Thamud is narrated:

"We have struck them with a loud thunder, and they shall be like dry grass (gathered together) with a cattle shed."

The mass death of the inhabitants of Pompeii took place in a very short time just as the adzab is narrated in the above two verses.

Despite all these warnings, not much has changed in the area where Pompeii once existed. The Naples districts where all disobedience is widespread are not much different from the lecherous districts of Pompeii. The island of Capri is a place where homosexuals and nudists (naked people live). The island of Capri is advertised as a "homosexual paradise" in the tourist industry. Not only on the islands of Capri and in Italy, even almost all over the world, moral damages are happening and unfortunately they still do not want to take a lesson from the bitter experience experienced by the earlier peoples.

Venice "Wonderful of Italia Venessia"

VENICE

Venice (in Italy: Venezia venɛʦːi̯a, in Venetian: Venice Venessia or venɛsi̯a) is a city in northeastern Italy. It is also the capital of the Veneto and Venetian provinces, receiving the nickname "La Serenissima" (La Serenissima). The historic center, declared World Heritage by UNESCO, is located on all of the larger islands of the Venetian lagoon north of the Adriatic Sea. The city is built on an archipelago of 118 small islands connected by bridge 455, if we belong to the island of Murano and Burano. You can reach Venice from the mainland by the Liberty bridge, which accesses Piazzale Roma. In the city center, no traffic. Public transport is done by transbordadoras vessel known as vaporetti. They are in charge of city ACTV company. Its canals make up a large network by way of the gushing streets of the Grand Canal, where it runs the path of many people from ships, large and small, known as gondolas.

HISTORY

Venice was founded in the V century by people trying to escape the attacks of German society. At the beginning of its history depended on the Eastern Roman Empire, namely Constantinople, but gradually became independent of it. For centuries Venice was a force that enabled him to dominate the world's medieval oceans. He holds a dominant position in trade with the Chinese and Indian empires. Until 1797 it was the capital of the Republic of Venice and, with 180,000 inhabitants, one of the largest cities in Europe.

After the reign of France and Austria, Venice was built in Italy in 1866.

Since its establishment, the city has suffered periodic flooding. Today the city is facing a serious threat by repeated floods. In spring and autumn the call goes on acqua alta (tide), twice a day, which completely fills Plaza de San Marcos. The Italian government is preparing a project called Mose (Modulo elettromeccanico Sperimentale), to lift the mobile embankment to be closed if the water level rises the acqua alta sea.

TRANSPORTATION

In Venice is a very useful public transport (vaporetto). In the old part of town the only means of displacement are private boats, taxis (expensive boats) and traghetti: ships are very similar to gondolas but without decoration, which bridge at various points of the Grand Canal.

The Venetian classic boat is a gondola, currently used primarily for tourists, weddings, funerals and other ceremonies. Most Venetian trips by vaporetto, include regular routes along the Grand Canal and on the lagoon islands. In addition many of them have boats or motor boats as cars.

Connecting the island to mainland road transport can reach the city via the Liberty Bridge, a long pier through the Venetian lagoon endowed railway and highway connected to the mainland. Buses and private cars stop and park at Piazzale Roma, at the connection point from Liberty Bridge to the city entrance.

The street numbering path is with the environment or sestiere, and instead of the number of paths by road, each environment has been assigned a series of numerics.The abundance and winding layout of streets, canals, streets, alleys and visitor orientation pages is difficult. To avoid this, the streets and bridges are marked with large signs and in many places signs indicating the direction to the most important landmarks are: San Marcos, Piazzale Roma (where the bus station at the entrance of the city), Rialto , school, etc.

Venetian street names still retain the XI century nomenclature, so they have nothing to do with the rest of the Italian cities. Thus, there are channels (which are obviously not regarded as roads, and if large are called canes, and if they are narrow streams), streets (which, like the rest of Italy, called through, here are called paths) streets and springs which runs along canals and rivers (called Fondamenta), small streets lined with houses and shops (called ruga or Rughetta).

There are also some paved roads (called Salizada or Salizzada), small alleys called bouquet, cul-called courts, important dock docks calledriva, passing streets under buildings called SotoPortego and boxes (All Field Calls or campiello by size, except for San Marcos, which itself receives a qualifying piazza and a bus station, which is small called Piazzale).

Bridge over the Grand Canal

Rialto Bridge. For years it was the only one across the Grand Canal. Built by Antonio da Ponte at the end of the sixteenth century, it is one of the most visited places in town for its views over the canal, and shops flanking both sides.

Accademia Bridge.

Scalzi Bridge (Ponte degli Scalzi).

Bridge Constitution, also called the Fourth Bridge on the Grand Canal or Calatrava Bridge. Opened in 2008.

ARTS AND CULTURE

Venice has a legendary reputation for its extensive art legacy and long history as a reference to European paintings. The fortunes of city rulers (Churches, politicians and certain traders) are allowed to sponsors extended artists, architects and other artists: from Gentile Bellini in the fifteenth century until Francesco Guardi in the late eighteenth century, through Giovanni bellini, Titian, Giorgione, Sebastiano del Piombo , Tintoretto, Veronese, Jacopo Bassano, Giambattista Tiepolo, among others. Interestingly, many of these artists were born in other locations and came to Venice attracted by its power.

Successive Venetian style painters hold several common characteristics (warm and rich colors) emitted by their average European influence. The so-called "Venetian School" teachers are influenced as diverse as Rubens and Velezquez, and play an important role in the origins of Baroque paintings in the seventeenth century. The architecture of the city experienced a brilliant time during the Renaissance, the architect and Mauro Codussi, Pietro Lombardo, the beautiful church writer, and Jacopo Sansovino, who built the monumental Biblioteca Marciana. Andrea Palladio and Vincenzo Scamozzi also left a remarkable work in Renaissance Venice. Then highlight Baldassare Longhena.

In Venice was born Antonio Vivaldi, one of the tops of baroque music, the 4th of March from 1678 (died in Vienna on 28 July 1741). Another great music, Richard Wagner, died in the city on February 13, 1883. Likewise, the great composer Igor Stravinsky, though he died in New York, wanted his body brought to Venice and now rested at the cemetery of San Michele. This reflects the importance of the city not only as the birthplace of many geniuses, but especially as an inexhaustible source of inspiration throughout the history of poets, musicians, painters, and all kinds of artists. Venice is one of the most famous opera arena in the world, La Fenice theater, which literally means "phoenix" and lives up to its name, having emerged from the ashes after repeated fires, the last of the end of this century XX. That's rather the Release of some of the most famous parts in the repertoire, including some Verdi.

Collosseum "King Vespasian"

Building

The reconstruction of the Coliseum begins with the command of King Vespasian in AD 72 and resolved by the son of Titus in 80 AD The Colosseum was erected with a magnificent palace previously built by Nero, called Domus Aurea built in 19 AD Dio Cassius a historian says there are about 9000 wild animals that have been killed in 100 days as a celebration of the inauguration and opening of the Colosseum. The floor of the Colosseum arena is covered with sand to prevent blood from flowing anywhere.

Naming History

The name of the Coliseum as above is taken from the name of a statue as high as 130 feet or 40 m, Colossus. The Colossus statue is recreated as a substitute for Nero as the parable of the Sol Sun God, by adding the sun's crown. By the middle of the year, the colossus statue had disappeared. An expert says that since the statue is made of copper, the statue has been merged for reuse. Besides taken from the name of the Coliseum, the Coliseum is also referred to as the unknown Flavian Amphitheater who gave the name. In Italy, the Colosseum is named il colosseo but other Roman languages ​​use the name le colisée and el coliseo for the Colosseum review.

Show

At the Coliseum at the time was the venue for a spectacular show, a battle between animals (venetaiones), a fight between prisoners and animals, the execution of prisoners (noxii), water bouts (naumachiae) by flooding the arena, and the fight between gladiators (munera ). For hundreds of years, it was estimated that thousands of people and animals died at the Coliseum.

Partial Ranking of Roman Army

• Adscripticius - an additional army of the Roman Republic in charge of filling the places of soldiers who have been killed or disabled
• Aquilifer - carrier of the eagle legion
• Armicustos - a quartermaster - served in the administration and supply of weapons
• Auxiliaries - establish corps that come from non-roman citizens
• Ballistarius - the artillery operator
• Beneficiarii - the mantri, who performs various services for high-ranking military officers
• Cataphractarii - fully armed men and armored cavalry deployed in the 2nd century AD
• Hastiliarius - a weapons instructor
• Immunes - a soldier who has special skills and is "immune" to combat and uniform duties, has a more specialist role in the other army
• Scorpionarius - is an artillery operation of artillery scorpion weapons

Epidaurus "Theater"

History

Epidaurus is independent of Argos and is not included in Argolis until Rome. With its supportive territory, it forms a small area called Epidauria. Famous as the birthplace of Apollo's son Asclepius, healer, Epidaurus is known for the sanctuary which is located about five miles (8 km) from the city, as well as the theater company, which is once again in use today. The cult of Asclepius in Epidaurus is evidenced in the 6th century BC, when the older hilltop sanctuaries of Apollo Maleatas are no longer large enough. There are two other similarly named Greek cities. One Epidaurus in Dalmatia and another Limera Epidaurus in Laconia. The asclepieion in Epidaurus is the most famous healing center in the Classical world, where the sick go away in the hope of being healed. To find out the right medicine for their illness, they spend the night in enkoimeteria, a large sleeping room. In their dreams, the god himself will suggest them what they must do to regain their health. Found in the sanctuary, there is a guest house for 160 guest rooms. There are also mineral springs around that may have been used in healing.

Epidaurus is southeast of Delphi, on the peninsula of Argos.

Asclepius, the most important healing god of antiquity, brought prosperity to the sanctuary, which in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC embarked on an ambitious program to enlarge the building and reconstruction of monumental buildings. Fame and prosperity continued throughout the Hellenistic period. In 87 BC the Temple was looted by Roman general Sulla, and in 67 BC, he was robbed by pirates. In the 2nd century, the sanctuary enjoyed a new revival under Rome, but in AD 395 with the Goths raided the sanctuary. Even after the introduction of Christianity and silencing of prophecy, the sanctuary in Epidauros is still known as the late middle of the 5th century, though as a Christian healing center.

Theater

The prosperity brought by Epidaurus Asklepieion is activated to build a civil monument as well: a large theater that likes Pausanias for symmetry and beauty, used once more for dramatic performances, ceremonial Hestiatoreion (banquet hall), bath and Palaestra. The theater was designed by the Young Polykleitos in the 4th century BC. The original 34 lines were extended in Roman times with another 21 lines. As usual for Greek theater (and as opposed to the Romans), the look on the lush landscape behind Skene is an integral part of the theater itself and should not be obscured. It accommodates up to 15,000 people.

The theater is awe-inspiring for acoustics, which allows almost perfect clarity of unamplified words of proscenium or Skene for all 15,000 spectators, regardless of their seats (see Ref, in Greek). Famously, the tour guides have their groups scattered in the stands and show them how they can easily hear the sound of the match attacking center-stage. A 2007 study by Nico F. Declercq and Cindy Dekeyser of the Georgia Institute of Technology demonstrated that the acoustical properties are astonishing in terms of accidents or the results of sophisticated design products: The limestone seat rows filter out low-frequency sounds, such as the murmur of the crowd, and strengthen / reflecting the high frequency of sound from the stage.

City

The Epidaurus city (Epidavros) was formed in 2011 of local government reform with the merger of the following two towns, which became a city unit:

• Asklipieio
• Epidaurus

Acropolis of Athens

The Acropolis is a rocky high plateau as high as 156 m, and there are some ancient ruins of buildings that used to be the temple that became the historic center of Athens. Now the Acropolis is a testament to the history of the pride of Athens about the glory around 2,400 years ago.

The Acropolis, built 1,300 years old, is actually a beautiful little town, until the Persian kingdom destroyed it in 480 BC. A year later the Greek armies defeated the Persians and rebuilt the temples. Between 467 and 404 s.m the building was completed. In 1834 Athens became the capital of Greece, king Otto designated the Acropolis as a protected archaeological building. The 1975 Acropolis was restored. The largest ancient building in the Acropolis is the Parthenon Democracy in the field of politics that we know today is one of the contributions of the Hellenislic dynasty (650-30 BC) in the days of the ancient Greek empire, where civil rights to express opinions are freely recognized. As a characteristic pattern of Ancient Greek cities in the form of a city state, where there are open spaces for democratic activity and characterized by State buildings for the executive, legislative and judicial, one of them is the Acropolis. That is the tradition of athen which is not aimed at militarism, so that the cities of Ancient Greece were often attacked by the surrounding nations, especially from Persia.

Different from the Spartan tradition that is found in many medieval cities in the Bavaria or Germany now show the superiority of the nation through victory in war. The concept of democracy was re-formulated by the medieval French scholar, Montesquieu (1689-1755), in Esprit des Lois. The Acropolis was built during the reign of Emperor Pericles (495-429 BC) which was the Greek golden age in Athens. The Acropolis is located in an attractive location on the hills of Athens, and from here can be seen the views of Athens's trade fair, the Agora (a market) that is the center of the crowd, so the Acropolis symbolizes the goddess of wisdom, justice, passion and inspiration for the people of Athens. The main neighborhood of the Acropolis complex consists of temples forming a panoramic view of the city, including Erichteion, Parthenon, Nike and Propylaea. Erichteion is a new and very beautiful temple building as a substitute for the previous building which was destroyed in 480 BC due to war with the Persians led by Salamis. The temple built by architect Mnesicles between 421-405 BC and has a small, irregular, terraced size with an ionic column style is located on a site surrounded by sacred forests and burial ground. 

There are three main characteristics of this temple:

1. there is a veranda

2. windows in every part of the door on the eastern verandah

3. a girl-shaped ornament on a column that serves as a support for the roof of the southern veranda.

This form is slightly slim and memorable as if being uphold the load of a roof.

Parthenon is a temple where there is a very large statue, made of ivory and gold. Parthenon is a very prominent building and is the center of the Acropolis. The Parthenon was built between 447-438 BC as the work of the architect Ictimus (Iktinos) and Callicrates (Kallikrates) and the sculptor Phidias (Pheidias).

The Parthenon building is said to be 'the greatest perfection of the work of Doric temple ever built', an appearance with the perfect proportions generated by the Venetian cyber-master. Nike is the smallest temple that for the Athenians is considered a lucky shrine for the city of Athens. Propylaea is a gate-shaped building by the architect of mnesicless, but the construction was not completed because of war with the Peloponnesia. The debris from the building can still be seen until now, but there are some buildings that have been completely lost, among others; Pinacotheca (an art gallery), Theater Dionysus, Odeon (a music room from Herod Atticus) and Stoa (a shelter and exhibition venue with the colonnade of Eumenes). The statue of Promachos by Pheidias is very large and made of bronze and dominates the face of the city.

The city of Athens, with the Acropolis as the first city in Ancient Greece that can still be seen today. At this time the wood began to be used as a building construction material and called by the term Carpenty in marble. Roman architect Marcus Vitrivius Pollio wrote extensively on the architecture derived from here, written in his book De Architettura consisting of 10 books. In it there is a principle of symmetry, harmony and proportion which is an extension of the principle of proportion, composition and precision of Ancient Greece called Entasia. This concept is more visible in the order of the architectural ornaments of the columns it finds.

The Doric and Ionic Order dates back to the Ancient Greeks which took the name of the two Greek tribes, the Doria (Italian and Sicilian Desert) and Ionian (Small Asian Derivatives), as a continuation of the Roman-era Corinthian order. And Vitrivius's work is known as the History of Clasicism in the theory of Continental architecture (mainland Europe) in the form of "greeko-Roman" after the Renaissance. There are several other buildings in the Acropolis are quite interesting, among others: Boulenterion; legislative building, Prytaneion; executive building, Haliaea; the judicative bases and Mycenaean Megaron as residential buildings or houses of leaders. Acropolis until now remains a reference in Urban Design. The architecture of the Acropolis is a reference to Greeko-Roman texts that had been formally rejected by the Bauhaus movement in Germany and several other countries in mainland Europe in the early 1900s, which had dominated mainland Europe since the Middle Ages after the Renaissance. The true basic theory of Greeko-Roman architecture by most historians and architectural critics is regarded as the most enduring architectural science as it appears throughout the ages, including in modern times today

Palenque

Palenque is a Mayan city state in southern Mexico that flourished in the 7th century.

Palenque dates from 100 BC to its fall of about 800 AD.

After the decline, Palenque just stuck into the forest, which consists of cedar, mahogany, and sapodilla trees, but has been dug and restored and now a famous archaeological site attracts thousands of visitors.

Located near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas, located about 130 km (81 miles) south of Ciudad del Carmen about 150 m (164 yd) above sea level.

The climate remains at 26 ° C humidity (79 ° F) with rainfall of about 2160 mm (85 in).

Palenque is a medium-sized site, much smaller than large sites like Tikal or Copán, but contains some of the best architecture, sculptures, rooftop comb and carved reliefs that Maya.

Much of Palenque history has been reconstructed and translated from reading hieroglyphic writings on many monuments; historians now have a long sequence of the ruling dynasty of Palenque in the 7th century and extensive knowledge of city-state competition with other countries such as Calakmul and Tonina.

The most famous ruler of Palenque is the Great Pacal whose grave was found and dug in the Temple Inscription.

History

Much of Classical History Early cities are still waiting for archaeologists. However, from the extent to which sites are surveyed and referenced to early Classical rulers in the inscriptional records of the Classic End, it is a history of Palenque longer than this that we know of.

The fact that the early ajaws (kings or rulers) and mythological creatures using the various flying machines as symbols in their themes did show a complex early history.

For example, K'uk 'B'ahlam, supposedly the founder of the Palenque dynasty, is called Ajaw Toktan in the text of the foliated Cross Temple.

The Temple of Inscriptions.

The Temple of the Inscription may be the most significant structure on this site because it contains the Great Pakal tomb, Maya Palenque's strongest ruler, who ordered to carry out the construction of this temple which will begin after his death.

The staircase from the top of the pyramid to the tomb was discovered by Alberto Ruz in 1952.

He solved the mystery of the holes in the landing stones that have puzzled archaeologists for 112 years, ever since Stevens and Catherwood "discovered" Palenque in 1840.

Tomb of Pacal (Pacal Tomb)

The staircase descends vertically 80 meters for the Pakal burial chamber where a large stone slab with ornate carvings is used to seal its tomb.

The humidity down here is so thick, and like a wall-it's really crying because Pakal is buried.

Special permission is required to visit the interior of the Temple of the Inscription.

Teotihuacan "the city of the gods"

Teotihuacan is an ancient site located in a valley named Teotihuacan and only 30 miles from the city of Mexico City. Teotihuacan means the City of the gods or the place where man became a god.

Teotihuacan of his time was a thriving city and a center for ceremonies, long before the Aztecs had settled in Mexico centuries before. At the height of its glory Teotihuacan is probably the largest city in Mexico and the 6th largest city in the world in the 650 AD era, but strangely it was abandoned 100 years later in 750 AD and no one knows why.

At its peak between the period of 500-600 M Teotihuacan is estimated to be inhabited by about 200 000 inhabitants. The city was designed with good planning with an area of ​​about 8 square miles, much larger and more advanced than the cities in Europe at that time. This civilization is contemporary with ancient Roman civilization and lasts longer, about 500 years.

Although archaeologists have long been fascinated with this site but the culture and history of Teotihuacan remains largely Mystery. This civilization left the ruins of buildings and pyramids in large numbers and until now there has been no traces of the remains of a literary system and still very little is known with certainty about its population, which is only known that the first settlers were the Toltec nation and then controlled by the Aztecs.

The Aztecs did not live in the city, but those who gave the names of the major places and structures that existed on the site, they regarded the site as the "Place of the gods" in which they believed that from that place the world was created.

History of Teotihuacan

100 BC - 0 M Proto-Teotihuacan (Two small hamlets dikantung north of the valley of Mexico, population - 5000)

0 M - 150 M Teotihuacan I - (Avenue of the Dead and Pyramid of the Sun stands)

150 M - 300 M Teotihuacan II - (road network created)

300 M - 650 M Teotihuacan III - (Peak of development, population = 85,000-200,000)

650 M - 750 M Teotihuacan IV - Deterioration and Destruction

In addition to the Pyramids for major ceremonial events, in the city there are also palaces, temples, especially close to the northern end of the city surrounded by a plaza in front of the Pyramid of the Moon (moon pyramid). These include Quatzelcoatl palace, butterfly palace (Butterfly palace), feathered conches temple, and jaguar palace.

The city suffered its destruction around the 700s AD due to the deliberate destruction and burning by unknown conquerors. Although a century earlier the influence of Teotihuacan in Meso America has faded, indicating there has been internal turmoil within the region and the decline that led to the destruction of their civilization.

The first tension appeared in the year 650 AD, a century before their destruction, the population declined so dramatically that the once glorious city was nothing more than a series of hamlets in an area of ​​1 sq. Km.

The destruction of Teotihuacan is almost as fast as their appearance to be famous, though eight centuries later Teotihuacan is still widely revered by the Aztecs as a sacred place but no one knows who made it or that there have been tens to hundreds of thousands of people once lived there.

Although it has collapsed but parts of the city still linger for up to two centuries later even though the population has shrunk to 1/4 of its original total. Such cases seem to be a classic case for all the cities and civilizations of the ancient Indian people in MesoAmerica. Some archaeologists believe that the case occurred because of the decline in food supplies due to drought and reduced water supply to there.

Building Structures of Teotihuacan Site

Pyramid of the Sun

Pyramid of the Sun is a relic on the site of the famous Teotihuacan, built in the 2nd century AD, Long before the discovery of several new pyramids in Meso America and the restoration of the Red Pyramid in Egypt in the 20th century, the Pyramid of the Sun is the 3rd largest pyramid in this world. This pyramid dominates the Teotihuacan city landscape and is the largest building in the Teotihuacan complex. The sacred building, which has a height of 220 feet and an area of ​​650 square feet, in its time has a temple made of wood dipuncak pyramid, which provides spectacular scenery for Teotihuacan pastors to see the city below.

Like the pyramids of MesoAmerica, the Pyramid at Teotihuacan is a pyramid built in storied, unlike in Egypt that is perfectly pure like a pyramid structure and the rocks used are also not the big rocks used in Egypt. At the peak of its glory, almost all buildings in Teotihuacan plastered and the pyramids there were given a red cet.

Another interesting feature is that some of the structures of the Pyramid contain a large and thick layer made of mica, which must be brought from Brazil, which is 2000 miles from Mexico.

Mica is a fragile and fragile rock, but it is brought in very large pieces from a great distance (and there is no wheeled vehicle at that time) then the mica is used on the inner layer of the pyramid which can not be seen from the outside, why and for what's wearing mica? one of the characteristics of mica is used as an insulator in terms of electronics and electricity, what is the purpose of its use? this is another mystery from Teotihuacan.

Pyramid of the Moon (Pyramid of the Moon)

The moon pyramid is located north of Avenue of the Dead, which is the main center of Teotihuacan city, this south-facing Pyramid built as the main building in the lunar pyramid complex.

The five-tiered platform attached to the front of the moon's pyramid, mentioned that in its time the pyramid had its interior structure, and this pyramid was one of the most elusive Teotihuacan main buildings.

The Ciudadela

The Ciudadela is a large fenced-in field located in the center of the city, has sizes on each side of 400m and on the interior is surrounded by 4 large platforms pyramid-traversed.

The main Plaza has a capacity of up to 100 thousand people without crowds, One of the main functions of this large enclosed field is probably for ritual events.

while the main pyramid of the building complex in the center of the city is The Feathered Serpent Pyramid which is decorated by a large head-shaped sculpture and is the most monumental building structure in Teotihuacan.

Machu Picchu

History of Machu Picchu (Peru) Since its Found

It turned out that the relics of the past in the form of a city not only can be found in the history of Chichen Itza (Mexico) only. In the other hemisphere, precisely in Peru there is a city of advanced civilization. This unique building is named Machu Pichu. At first glance our memories go back to a cartoon called Pikachu. But it turns out Machu Pichu away from the funny and colorful words. As with other ancient buildings that survive today, the history of Machu Pichu keeps the story interesting.

The Peruvian or Quechua language defines Machu Pichu as the Old Peak. This is closely related to the location of Machu Pichu that occupied the mountains. The height of this building measured from sea level is 2,340 masl. High enough is not it? So not everyone has the ability to visit the ancient sites of the Inca's heritage.

Precisely on July 7, 2007 there are about 100 million people on earth choose Machu Picchu as a worthy tourist spots categorized 7 wonders of the world. The huge support that was sent through the short message service (SMS) and the internet resulted in a decision set by the Swiss Foundation that Machu Pichu deserved to be in that position.

The Invention Process

The first discovery was made by an archaeologist from Yale University, United States of America. The ancient site archaeologist's name is Hiram Bingham who invented Machu Pichu in 1911 AD. Means is still a new site compared to the discovery of the history of the Egyptian pyramids, the history of the Taj Mahal as well as the history of the sanctuary.

Its founder, Bingham discovered this inherit by accident. Starting from his college assignment that took him to do scientific expeditions in the Andes mountains. Bingham's original intention was to explore and study the wild vegetation there. Yet God predestined him as an intermediary to open the eyes of the world to the greatness of a past civilization.

Bingham brought a tour guide who first mastered the ins and outs of the Andes. They together explore parts of the Andean mountains that are still strange. Because the forest is thick, then the hands must come to play part every wild weeds and bushes.

Coincidentally Bingham's eyes stared at an ancient building. At that time the magnificent building is still very faint because it covered many trees and tall grass. Of course Bingham with his guide does not directly believe their normal eyes. As if everything is a frightening and amazing mystical experience. But it turns out that he saw a real building, not just imagination with a tour guide.

With capitalize the belief in the meaning of buildings and their effects on human civilization, Bingham increasingly curious. He was so convinced that the building he saw was a clue to reveal the greatness of the Incas civilization on earth. Much research was then carried out by the relevant parties in the Machu Picchu area. The news of expensive artifacts, beautiful scenes and other ancient clues quickly spread throughout America and the world.

The Building Theory of Machu Picchu

Archaeological site is a former building owned by the Incas in the period before Columbus discovered the American continent. The exact location is in the ruins of the Urumbamba valley, Peru. A place 70 km northwest of Cusco is a gold-coated city. The founder of this magnificent city is the same person as the founder of the kingdom of Inka who was left in 1440 AD.

Pachacutec Yupanqui was the first king in the kingdom of Inka. He founded Machu Pichu as a symbol of their eternal devotion and community in the thick of the Amazon jungle and upstream of the Urubamba river. Keep in mind that the Amazon forest is one of the greenest forests in the world that contribute a lot of oxygen supply to the American region as well as the world. Many rare animals and flora that occupy the green forest.

Newly discovered, it soon emerged that there was much speculation about the ruins of buildings that had come from centuries past. There are many experts who brought out a new theory at first glance at the discovery of the magnificent city on the hill. Some of them believed Machu Picchu not as an administrative city, but the tomb of the founder of the Inka empire, Pachahutec.

The theory that supports Machu Pichu as a tomb building is based on the many parts of the building there are gold plated. While other theorists who insist on Machu Picchu as an administrative Illacta (town) that is normally the economic center of the small territories of the subordinate kingdom of Inka have not provided concrete proof. These people were convinced that the Inka nobility lived in Machu Pichu.

Apparently not only the two theories that colored the construction of Machu Pichu. Some scholars have issued the theory that Machu Pichu is the villa of influential people from the kingdom of Inka. It is also the site of astrological and seasonal observation ceremonies.

In a way, we are reminded again of the history of Chichen Itza (Mexico) which is also famous for its sophistication and their close relationship with astronomy. The buildings there even have their own counts that are all related to their science. Meanwhile, local people believe the silhouette of a mountain which in their language is called Huayna Picchu aka a young mountain is the nose of the Incan who faces the sky.

Architecture Machu Picchu

As the history of the Colosseum arranges the audience seating within its theater, Macchu Piccu also has its own in-house structure. This site has many levels where each level depicts the height of their power and honor in society. So it is predictable that the life of the Incas is against the history of human rights in the world.

The more Inka people have high positions, the higher their level of sitting in the city of Machu Picchu. All that needs to be underlined is the peak level at Machu Pichu. The Inca people use Machu Picchu's highest area as a place to pay homage to the sun. The ceremony is held daily by Inka residents.

The Result of Inka Culture

From here we can find out that the habit of worshiping the sun that came from ancient times not only owned by the Japanese in the east only. Even ancient people on the American mainland also love to worship the sun. Maybe because they feel life in the world will not run normally even terrible if there is no sun that rotates every day.

The difference lies in the cultural results of the Incas people who have been classified as advanced, almost as the Mayans rattled modern research. The Incas around Machu Picchu have a rock almost the same size as the classical piano. The stone is not an ordinary stone. Inka people call it 'intihuatana' which means the place of sunlight. And it turns out its function is as a sun clock, a time reminder for the life of the Incas.

Another custom of the Inka tribe with the Maya tribe lies in the world of agriculture. Both of these large tribes used to keep a lot of farmland to be used as a place to support the family. Cultivated plants are staple crops for them such as coca, maize and roses and other vegetables.

The Inka people grow coca does not mean they have been using drugs like cocaine and some of this modern-day drugs. At least we can know the equations of ancient people with modern people. As is customary indigenous people in the region of Papua, Indonesia consume marijuana as a lalapan rice friends daily. Of course we can not blame them for granted, let alone think that their heritage buildings are not important to be included in history just because of those ancient habits. There are other reasons that can be explained scientifically why ancient people like to consume agricultural products from basic substance plants.

Machu Picchu Emptied

Still associated with the Maya, it turns out the Inka tribe also left their magnificent city. As the Mayans left Chichen Itza they were due to newcomers. The Incas also left Macchu Picchu due to the arrival of the Spanish in the region of South America. It already has a lot of evidence in the form of a relic of ancient objects on Macchu Picchu.

Experts and archaeologists have a different opinion from reality in Machu Picchu. For them, the Incan people who had traveled from Machu Picchu were caused by the smallpox outbreak that almost became pagebluk. There are more than half of the city's population who were killed by smallpox around 1527 AD. The epidemic of this disease then weakens the greatness of Inka. There are many fellow wars in the internal kingdom.

Wherever it is, an ancient building that has a history of bleeding from war and torture will always frighten the next generation. After the kingdom of Inka was completely destroyed by the civil war, a Spanish citizen named Pizzaro just came to Cuzco. It was the year 1532 AD and Machu Picchu was a haunted city whose beauty on its clouds did not deserve to be controlled by Spain.

Actually only Machu Picchulah is the only symbol of the power of the kingdom of Inka ever known almost as big as Mayan power. The cultural heritage site is recognized by UNESCO as the world heritage aka world heritage site in 1982. It's just that its penetration in as 7 new wonders of the world managed a few decades after that.

Machu Picchu site could siphon public attention not because of its beauty that hangs over the clouds. The tourist attraction is famous for many tourists who come not to study its history, but put a lot of damage on the part of the site. Though Machu Picchu is one of the important sites that became evidence of how in ancient times many ancient civilizations that have the art of architecture is higher than the art of architecture today.

American Respect on Machu Picchu

At the time of its discoverer, Hiram Bingham encountered this site for the first time, this place looks very creepy. At the time Hiram had to open the dense vegetation of Amazon's hutam trees that seemed to have become one with the old site for centuries. You can imagine how difficult it is to open dense land in the middle of the jungle forest on a hill with medium elevation. All this is done with one main goal, studying the traces of the history of the Incas.

The Andes Mountains in Peru do have a lot of mysteries. When archaeologists know the discovery of Bingham, they immediately enthusiastic help because with the unfolding of this ancient building then there is a great civilization in human history that can be learned from the authentic evidence available. Unfortunately, the buildings in the Andes mountain range have been too long untouched by human hands.

In contrast to our society's customs, Americans are so respectful of their culture and history. Yet the history of Indonesia proved much richer than the history of the nation. One proof of Americans' respect for the new invention of Machu picchu is the crowd of visitors. About 2,500 people daily visit this site. Though the trip is not as smooth as travel to the area in the lowlands.

Media in the United States has agreed to regard Machu Picchu as the most important and most well-preserved building in the world coming from ancient civilizations. Naturally, if they issue such a statement because they are the next generation of America.

Despite being a major source of income for the Peruvian government, it is not necessarily the government is happy to continue to improve its advertising to make Machu Picchu more crowded. The government and observers of American archaeological sites are afraid of the large number of visitors coming in every day potentially damaging the old archaeological site. Until now the Peruvian government has continued to improve the protection of the site.

Easter Island

Located on the Pacific Ocean 27 degrees south of the Equator line, 2200 miles west of Chilie Beach, there is a very isolated and isolated island in the World. Easter Island.

The island is home to hundreds of giant stone statues is considered as the most mysterious island in the world. The presence of the giant stone statues that surround the island greatly amazed the tourists, archaeologists, and the scientists. However, behind the beauty, Easter Island more save mystery.

Until now, researchers have not been able to know for sure, who created those gigantic statues, and how did they move them.

The name Easter Island itself was a gift from a Dutch sailor in the 18th century, Jacob Roggeveen. In 1722, he and his crew managed to dock on the island, because the day on which they pulled over on the Island coincided with the Easter memorial (Sunday, 5 April 1722) , then the name Easter Island (Easter Island). Roggeveen and his crew were the Europeans who first set foot on the island.

The Moai statues

Its original inhabitants are called Rapanui tribe (rapanui tribe is actually just a migrant tribe), while the real name of Easter Island is Rapa Nui / Rapa Besar.Name Rapa Nui itself has links with other islands in polynesian territory, namely Rapa iti / Rapa small. While Moai is the name for the giant sculptures scattered throughout Easter Island.Moai own meaning of face / face. According to the tales that have been passed down through the Rapanui tribe, the Moai Statue was made by their ancestors.

There are at least three now inaccessible volcanoes (the largest of which is 1674 feet), and according to the indigenous narratives, Moai are carved out of rocks from the rest of the volcanological process (called Rano Rara) of the three volcanoes. The weight of a Moai Statue varies greatly, the lightest weighs 14 tons, and the heaviest can reach 165 tons.

Now, the question archeologists and other researchers is how the tribes who used to inhabit the island to move the large and heavy Moai all over the island? From some tales told by the Rapanui tribe's own elders, The moai were moved by a supernatural force called "manna". With such power, the moai seemed to be able to walk on their own to get to some big stone podiums called "ahu". There are several other theories that try to solve the mystery of this artifact. Some believe that this island is the tip of the land that existed in prehistoric civilization, while others speculate on the involvement of extraterrestrial life. To date, Moai have attracted a large number of researchers seeking to know their origins and secrets.

In Roggeveen's own voyage note, during his visit to Easter Island, he greatly admired the island's mighty beauty for hundreds of years before the Rapanui tribes came to settle.

The Moai who stood mightily around the coastline seemed to be eternal keepers for the island.

There are at least 600 Moai scattered around the perimeter of the island which is complete with the true partner "ahu".

Especially for Moai standing around the coastline on average 33 feet tall with weights of 80 tons each, while for Moai inside the island is very varied.

Beautiful Panorama of Easter Island

Status moai own until now is also still mysterious, actually what the function of the statues they are not known for sure.

But many scholars assume that these Moai are a sign made by their creators in order to show that this island is their territory.

However, those who assume that the Moai is a symbol of a belief. Illustrated, that moai is a symbol for power and power.

Easter island itself is much associated with the Inca civilization, a civilization in South America that has disappeared. According to some theories, it was the Inca people who built the Moai. When viewed from the structure of the rocks, one of Inca's most famous relics of Machu Pichu composition of rocks is very similar to the Moai. But how do the Inca tribes bring this piece to Peru as the base for making Machu Pichu? if it was not the Inca who made it, surely the original inhabitants of Rapa Nui had a very close relationship with them.

Unfortunately well, now many moai that have been destroyed and collapsed

According to a survey of Dutch archaeologist Van Tilburg in 1989, the total number of monolithic statues throughout Easter Island was 887 pieces.

Largest moai:

Location: Rano Raraku Quarry, named "El Gigante"

Height: 71.93 feet, (21.60 meters)

Weight: approximately 145-165 tons (160-182 metric tons)

Largest moai once erect:

Location: Ahu Te Pito Kura, Named "Paro"

Height: 32.63 feet (9.80 meters)

Weight: approximately 82 tons (74.39 metric tons)

Largest moai fallen while being erected:

Location: Ahu Hanga Te Tenga

Height: 33.10 feet (9.94 meters)

Smallest standing moai:

Location: Poike

Height: 3.76 feet (1.13 meters)

Easter Island Map

Statistically the average height of Moai is 13.29 feet (4.05 meters), basic width: 5.25 feet (1.6 meters), head width: 4.86 feet (1.48 meters), Total volume: 210.48 cubic feet (5.96 cubic meters), total weight: 13.78 tonnes (12.5 metric tons)